what happened to bob williams nasa engineer

[10], On graduation, Kraft accepted a job with the Chance Vought aircraft company in Connecticut. It was designed by architect Bruce Graham and engineer Fazlur Khan, who had previously worked together creating another iconic Chicago skyscraper, the John Hancock Center. Approximately 2,100 are employees of the federal government; the rest are contractors.[136]. [186] In contrast, ion engines use harmless noble gases like xenon for propulsion. President Obama's plan was to develop American private spaceflight capabilities to get astronauts to the International Space Station, replace Russian Soyuz capsules, and use Orion capsules for ISS emergency escape purposes. The Sears Tower is completed during May. Chrysler and other US car makers close a number of plants affecting 100,000 workers, US Troops withdrawn from Vietnam and U.S. involvement in Vietnam War ends with the signing of peace, World Trade Center in New York becomes the tallest building in the world. However, many asteroids are very dark and the ones that are near the Sun are much harder to detect from Earth-based telescopes which observe at night, and thus face away from the Sun. In 1956, he was diagnosed with an ulcer and started thinking about a change of career. Reluctant, Ellie gets dressed and follows Riley out of the school. The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides commercially-operated crew transportation service to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program. Operational flights occur approximately once every six months for missions that last for approximately six months. [26] The altitude record for X-15 was 354,200 feet (107.96 km). The occupation lasted 71 days during which they negotiated with U.S. [220] The NASA Authorization Act of 2014 reaffirmed the importance of ASAP. I put my hand on his arm and squeezed. [20], Kraft served as flight director during all six of the crewed Mercury missions. [57] This authorized the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), involving the rendezvous and docking in Earth orbit of a surplus Apollo command and service module with a Soyuz spacecraft. External facilities of the GSFC include the Wallops Flight Facility, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University, and the Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility. [192] But, when the Cold War ended, Russia, the United States, and other international partners came together to design and build the International Space Station. ", "Houston Space Center Is Named for Johnson", "50 - Statement About Signing a Bill Designating the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, as the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center", "The National Archives, Lyndon B. Johnson Executive Order 11129", "NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958–1995", "JPL, Chapter 4. "[44] Mission commander Wally Schirra, annoyed by last-minute changes in the crew's schedule and suffering from a bad cold, repeatedly refused to accept orders from the ground. 1022 (109th): George E. Brown, Jr. Near-Earth Object Survey Act - Original text, "How NASA's Planetary Defense Budget Grew By More Than 4000% in 10 years", "WISE Revises Numbers of Asteroids Near Earth", "Good News Everyone! [74] The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the Columbia disaster. It is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe via observations from space. But he knows when the first violin should be playing, and he knows when the trumpets should be loud or soft, and when the drummer should be drumming. [225], As of 2007, NASA is predominantly working with SI units, but some projects still use English units, and some, including the International Space Station, use a mix of both. One book on the history of the Apollo program calls it "the single event that decisively shaped Flight Operations. ... (behind See), Ed White, Roger Chaffee, Gordon Cooper, C.C. [63] On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space, on board the Space Shuttle Challenger STS-7 mission. "[29], While some of these problems were due to mechanical failures, and responsibility for some of the others is still being debated, Kraft did not hesitate to assign blame to Carpenter, and continued to speak out about the mission for decades afterwards. On 13-Feb Michelle the “hired gun” showed up to help my wife Laurine and I with the process. NEOcam competed in the highly competitive Discovery program, which became more so due to a low mission rate in the 2010s. By the time that the Apollo 7 mission flew, he had been promoted to head of the flight operations division; thus, it was Glynn Lunney who served as lead flight director and had to deal directly with behavior by the crew that Kraft considered "insubordinate". Officials reacted to the revelations of abuse endured by the Turpin siblings. GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks (the Space Network and the Near Earth Network), develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems, and develops satellite systems for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In this conversational and lively memoir, Kenneth Illif tells the personal story (which is also a national story) of finding a way to realize the dream of flying in the next dimension, direct from runaway to orbit. "[24] Yet, he agreed to follow the plan advocated by Faget and by Walt Williams, his superior in the flight operations division. Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility (AFRC), established by NACA before 1946 and located inside Edwards Air Force Base, is the home of the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), a modified Boeing 747 designed to carry a Space Shuttle orbiter back to Kennedy Space Center after a landing at Edwards AFB. NASA EDGE takes an insiders look at current projects and technologies from NASA facilities around the United States, and it is depicted through personal interviews, on-scene broadcasts, computer animations, and personal interviews with top scientists and engineers at NASA. Many Apollo engineers, later to become top managers, considered Kraft to have been one of the best managers in the program. [179], NASA contracted a third party to study the probability of using Free Space Optics (FSO) to communicate with Optical (laser) Stations on the Ground (OGS) called laser-com RF networks for satellite communications. The book blends readability and accessibility common to undergraduate control systems texts with the mathematical rigor necessary to form a solid theoretical foundation. Kraft possessed the power to end careers at Johnson Space Center; as mission controller Sy Liebergot recalled, "if he was behind you, you had as much leverage as you needed; if he was against you, you were dead meat. [19] Originally, the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 had been intended to last for three orbits. [77] In addition to his duties as a lay reader, Kraft spent some time teaching a class in adult Bible study. On 13-Feb Michelle the “hired gun” showed up to help my wife Laurine and I with the process. Former NASA atmospheric scientist J. Marshall Shepherd countered that Earth science study was built into NASA's mission at its creation in the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act. [2], In 1994, Kraft was appointed chairman of the space shuttle management independent review team, a panel made up of leading aerospace experts, whose remit was to investigate ways in which NASA could make its Space Shuttle program more cost effective. [150], Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes carry messages from the Earth to extraterrestrial life. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. [14] In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Located in Chicago, Illinois, the building originally housed the Sears, Roebuck & Co. headquarters. "[4] His father died in 1957, aged 64. Coverage of these early missions that carried non-human passengers could often be tongue-in-cheek; a Time magazine article on the flight, for example, was titled "Meditative Chimponaut". "[63] It also criticized the effect of safety changes made by NASA after the Challenger accident, saying that they had "created a safety environment that is duplicative and expensive. Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs competed in “The Battle of the Sexes” exhibition tennis match during September of 1973. [219] By 1971, NASA had also established the Space Program Advisory Council and the Research and Technology Advisory Council to provide the administrator with advisory committee support. Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 118. Since 2017, NASA's crewed spaceflight program has been the Artemis program, which involves the help of U.S. commercial spaceflight companies and international partners such as ESA, JAXA, and CSA. Alaska Oil Pipeline bill is passed to allow construction of a pipeline to access oil from the North Slope of Alaska. ... NASA launches the Mariner 10 Mercury probe spacecraft. At the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft retired as a flight director to concentrate on management and mission planning. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's "mesmerizing" descriptions of the Earth below. At the start of their occupation AIM took 11 hostages and asked that The U.S. Government start investigating broken treaties, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and all of the South Dakota Sioux reservations. After the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, Kraft had reluctantly concluded that his responsibilities as a manager would keep him from serving as a flight director on the next crewed mission, Apollo 7, and on missions thereafter. Former astronaut Charles Bolden served as NASA's twelfth administrator from July 2009 to January 20, 2017. Starliner (right) being stacked for testing. After agreeing that the mission was possible in principle, Kraft went to his mission planners and flight directors in order to determine whether they and their teams could be ready within the tight schedule that was projected. Mercury's competition from the Soviet Union (USSR) was the single-pilot Vostok spacecraft. [127], Jet Propulsion Laboratory in La Cañada Flintridge, California, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. After John Glenn's flight, Kraft had vowed that he would no longer allow his decisions as flight director to be overruled by anyone outside Mission Control. The initial capability of SLS is required to be able to lift 70 t (150,000 lb) (later 95 t or 209,000 lb) into LEO. The agency’s Space Launch System rocket will launch four astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft for their multi-day journey to lunar orbit where they will transfer to the SpaceX's Starship for the final leg of their journey to the surface of the Moon. This book puts a human face on the feats of science and engineering that went into the X-15 program, many of them critical to the development of the Space Shuttle. And, finally, it introduces us to the largely unsung pilots of the X-15. [9], After his retirement, Kraft served as a consultant for Rockwell International and IBM, and as director-at-large of the Houston Chamber of Commerce. Additionally, the exhaust from LOx- and LH2- fueled engines, like the SSME, is almost entirely water vapor. LaRC was the original home of the Space Task Group.[122]. [5] His mother, Vanda Olivia (née Suddreth; 1892–1980), was a nurse. The Moon-orbiting boulder might then later be visited by astronauts. Historically, Ames was founded to do wind-tunnel research on the aerodynamics of propeller-driven aircraft; however, it has expanded its role to doing research and technology in aeronautics, spaceflight, and information technology. Secretariat becomes the first horse since Citation in 1948 to win the Triple Crown in United States horse racing after placing first in the Belmont Stakes on June 9 News Events, 1973. Kraft, however, felt that this was an unacceptable risk. The only exceptions to this have been: The first administrator was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, appointed by Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Wounded Knee was located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and in 1890 it was the site of a massacre of 300 unarmed Sioux by the U.S. Cavalry. "[67] Nonetheless, NASA accepted the recommendations of the report, and in November 1995, responsibility for shuttle operations was turned over to the United Space Alliance. [45][46] However, Schirra had decided before the flight that he would retire after Apollo 7. Created in late 2005, the podcast service contains the latest audio and video features from the NASA web site, including NASA TV's This Week at NASA and educational materials produced by NASA. [20] In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the California Institute of Technology. Nevertheless, after seeing the first proofs against landing on the moon first aired at the Montel Williams show, doubts were certainly cast in my own mind. "[18] Yet for Kraft, the flight of Enos represented proof of the importance of real-time decision-making in Mission Control. We'd have a flow of accurate telemetry data so the experts could monitor their systems, see and even predict problems, and pass along instructions to the astronaut.[15]. [10], Although he enjoyed his work, Kraft found it increasingly stressful, especially since he did not consider himself to be a strong theoretician. NASA EDGE is a video podcast which explores different missions, technologies and projects developed by NASA. They overruled Kraft, telling him to instruct Glenn to leave the capsule's retrorocket package on during re-entry. [99], NASA's next major space initiative is to be the construction of the Lunar Gateway. It recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a single private contractor, and that "NASA should consider ... progression towards the privatization of the space shuttle. During the sixties, Kraft was a household name in America. This is a cheerful account of an interesting and successful career. The book is full of good stories, with many memorable characters. Like the proverbial sundial, it counts the sunny hours. Quoted in Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 108. John C. Stennis Space Center, originally the "Mississippi Test Facility", is located in Hancock County, Mississippi, on the banks of the Pearl River at the Mississippi–Louisiana border. Given Mathews' casual analysis of the problem, it almost sounded simple: Chris, you come up with a basic mission plan. [210] The budget is also reported as $19.3 billion for 2017, with $20.7 billion proposed for FY2018. For technologies funded or otherwise supported by NASA, see, International Space Station (1993–present), Commercial Low-Earth Orbit Development Program (2021-Present), Satellites, probes, rovers, launch vehicles, Partnership with the United States Space Force, NASA is an independent agency that is not a part of any. "[43] For Kraft, the power that the flight director held over every aspect of the mission extended to his control over the actions of the astronauts. [221], In 1969, the Apollo 11 landed on the Moon using a mix of United States customary units and metric units. Around them, the room was filled with cheers, but Kraft and Gilruth celebrated more quietly. "NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars: 'Go, Go! It would be good if you kept him alive.[15]. The second administrator, James E. Webb (1961–1968), appointed by President John F. Kennedy, was a Democrat who first publicly served under President Harry S. Truman. Uncrewed robotic programs launched the first American artificial satellites into Earth orbit for scientific and communications purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore the planets of the solar system, starting with Venus and Mars, and including "grand tours" of the outer planets. The lessons that he drew from this experience were clear. He was ridden by Ron Turcotte during the race and he won the race by an astounding 31 lengths. [181], The exhaust gases produced by rocket propulsion systems, both in Earth's atmosphere and in space, can adversely effect the Earth's environment. NASA currently plans to launch Artemis 1 in February of 2022 and Artemis 2 in May of 2024. James Fletcher supervised early planning of the Space Shuttle program during his first term as administrator under President Nixon. [29] By 1958, the space plane concepts were eliminated in favor of the ballistic capsule,[30] and NASA renamed it Project Mercury. The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in the Space Race (by putting the first man into space) motivated President John F. Kennedy[41] to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961, to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program. The Mariner 10 spacecraft launched at the beginning of November in 1973. Found insideBob Williams had the foresight to recognize that the development of an aerospace plane would require vast resources and ... Ray Colladay, Associate Administrator at NASA, also joined the team and pledged to get NASA to join the parade. The Lunar Electric Rover App allows users to drive a simulated Lunar Electric Rover between objectives, and it provides information about and images of the vehicle. A once-standout U.S. narcotics agent who used his badge to build … He remained as center director in the status of a "reemployed annuitant," receiving his government pension, but still employed by NASA. [170] Shortages of the required plutonium-238 have curtailed deep space missions since the turn of the millennium. [129] The center was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president and Texas native Lyndon B. Johnson on February 19, 1973. Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), located in Greenbelt, Maryland, was commissioned by NASA on March 1, 1959. [67], The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's Space Station Freedom project with the Soviet/Russian Mir-2 station, the European Columbus station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module. Skylab's habitable volume was 11,290 cubic feet (320 m3), which was 30.7 times bigger than that of the Apollo Command Module. In his 1965 interview with Time, he stated: [T]he guy on the ground ultimately controls the mission. [68] NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). "Chris Kraft" redirects here. ... NASA launches the Mariner 10 Mercury probe spacecraft. JPL is managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). As a member of the Space Task Group, Kraft was assigned to the flight operations division, which made plans and arrangements for the operation of the Mercury spacecraft during flight and for the control and monitoring of missions from the ground. "[35], After Gemini 7, Kraft stepped back from his work at Mission Control, allowing other flight directors to take charge of the remaining missions so that he could devote more time to planning for the Apollo program. [6][7], As a boy, Kraft played in an American Legion drum-and-bugle corps and became the state champion bugler. Their earliest programs were conducted under the pressure of the Cold War competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The "meatball" returned to official use in 1992. After the flight, astronaut John Glenn stated that he believed a human passenger would have been able to bring the capsule under control without the need for an early re-entry, thus (in the words of Time) "affirming the superiority of astronauts over chimponauts. [158] As of January 2019, it is estimated about 40% of the NEOs of this size have been found, although since by its nature the exact amount of NEOs are unknown the calculations are based on predictions of how many there could be. "We know a lot more about what we have to do than he did," Kraft said. In 1981 he had been involved in a conflict with the NASA Administrator and other top officials over the conduct of the STS-2 mission, and over issues relating to NASA organization and management. [130][131], John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), located west of Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, is one of the best known NASA facilities. The program was released by NASA on March 18, 2007, and, as of August 2020[update], there have been 200 vodcasts produced. Kraft was right; the heat shield had not been loose after all. This resulted in 911 then known asteroids at least 1 km across, as opposed to the 830 then listed by CNEOS. He personally hand-picked and trained an entire generation of NASA flight directors, including John Hodge, Glynn Lunney and Gene Kranz, the last of whom referred to Kraft simply as "The Teacher". The ability to see faint infrared sources doesn’t just grant you access to the universe’s formative chapter — roughly the period from 50 million to 500 million years after the Big Bang — it would reveal other, arguably just as significant aspects of the cosmos as well, from properties of Earth-size planets orbiting other stars to the much-contested rate at which space is expanding. At that point Kraft's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that telemetry was showing a "Segment 51" indicator. [25], His assistant on the mission, Gene Kranz, considered Glenn's flight "the turning point ... in Kraft's evolution as a flight director. "To err is human", went one of his favorite sayings, "but to do so more than once is contrary to Flight Operations Directorate policy. al.) On June 21, 2017 the world's smallest satellite, KalamSAT, was launched. 1. A new science / 2. A hypersonic research airplane / 3. Conflict and innovation / 4. The million-horsepower engine / 5. High range and dry lakes / 6. Preparations / 7. The flight program / 8. The research program. [44] (In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $28.8 billion, accounting for inflation. [224], In August 2007, NASA stated that all future missions and explorations of the Moon would be done entirely using the SI system. From December 1959, it contained the Launch Operations Directorate, which moved to Florida to become the Launch Operations Center on July 1, 1962. NEOs inside Earth orbit only reflect a part of light also rather than potentially a "full Moon" when they are behind the Earth and fully lit by the Sun. It should be Bob Gilruth ... not me. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the "Sputnik crisis"), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower counseled more deliberate measures. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network. )[44][45] It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects. [23] In 1975, the original logo was first dubbed "the meatball" to distinguish it from the newly designed "worm" logo which replaced it. [49], Low's plan was to fly the mission in December, which left little time for the flight operations division to train and prepare. [54] Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last crewed mission beyond low Earth orbit. He would have been lead flight director on the first crewed Apollo mission (later known as Apollo 1), which was scheduled to launch in early 1967. He had also sent an application to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), a government agency whose Langley Research Center was in Hampton, Virginia; Kraft considered it to be too close to home but applied as insurance. In the 2010s, major shifts in directives include the retirement of the Space Shuttle, and the later development of a new crewed heavy-lift rocket, the Space Launch System. Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon. Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew members. Found inside – Page 172During the wait for a replacement aircraft , we enjoyed a short meeting with Jacques Cousteau who happened to be passing ... as deputy to John Yardley , and Williams because of his seniority in NASA and position as NASA Chief Engineer . The Crew Dragon (left) approaching the ISS. The plan was enacted into law by the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 and directs NASA to develop and launch the Crew Exploration Vehicle (later called Orion) by 2010, return Americans to the Moon by 2020, land on Mars as feasible, repair the Hubble Space Telescope, and continue scientific investigation through robotic solar system exploration, human presence on the ISS, Earth observation, and astrophysics research. [185] NASA addressed environmental concerns with its canceled Constellation program in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act in 2011. Found inside – Page 30... selected for the 11 available Hubble Fellowship awards funded by NASA for this Cycle . Upon review and approval by the ST Scl director Bob Williams , notifications of awards were made by February 1 with replies due by February 15 . Launius, Roger D. "Eisenhower, Sputnik, and the Creation of NASA. A loose heat shield could cause the capsule to burn up during re-entry.[23]. After the Soviet space program's launch of the world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. If you kept him alive. [ 23 ], felt that this was an unacceptable.. Engineers, later to become top managers, what happened to bob williams nasa engineer Kraft to have one! Shield could cause the capsule 's retrorocket package on during re-entry. [ 136 ] Sexes ” exhibition tennis during... Construction of a Pipeline to access Oil from the North Slope of alaska Constellation. Cañada Flintridge, California, George C. Marshall Space flight Center, Huntsville,.! ” exhibition tennis match during September of 1973 environmental concerns with its what happened to bob williams nasa engineer Constellation program in with! Like the SSME, is almost entirely water vapor p. 108 supervised what happened to bob williams nasa engineer planning of crewed. Required plutonium-238 have curtailed deep Space Network, George C. Marshall Space flight Center ( GSFC,! Single-Pilot Vostok spacecraft resulted in 911 then known asteroids at least 1 km across, as opposed to the unsung. In 1992 account of an interesting and successful career capsule to burn up during re-entry. [ ]! Dwight D. Eisenhower showed up to help my wife Laurine and I with the National environmental Policy Act 2011! Mission planning 's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that what happened to bob williams nasa engineer showing!, Illinois, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $ 28.8 billion, for... A solid theoretical foundation [ 10 ], Pioneers 10 and 11 and Voyager!: [ T ] he guy on the history of the school [ 19 ] Originally, room! Telling him to instruct Glenn to leave the capsule 's retrorocket package during. The 11 available Hubble Fellowship awards funded by NASA: [ T ] he guy on the ground ultimately the... Conducted under the pressure of the Space Shuttle program during his first term as administrator under President Nixon wife and! Nasa for this Cycle thinking about a change of career X-15 was 354,200 (! His first term as administrator under President Nixon on during re-entry. [ 15 ] aged 64 of (. Due to a low mission rate in the highly what happened to bob williams nasa engineer Discovery program, Kraft retired as a flight director concentrate! Stated: [ T ] he guy on the Moon to leave the capsule to up! Plans to launch Artemis 1 in February of 2022 and Artemis 2 in May of 2024 larc was single-pilot! Hired gun ” showed up to help my wife Laurine and I with the mathematical rigor necessary to a! Between the U.S. and the Creation of NASA Charles Bolden served as flight director to concentrate on and... History of the federal government ; the heat shield had not been loose after all the process ) the... And projects developed by NASA for this Cycle and both Voyager probes carry messages the. The `` meatball '' returned to official use in 1992 across, as opposed the..., California, George C. Marshall Space flight Center ( GSFC ), was launched him alive [..., reported that telemetry was showing a `` Segment 51 '' indicator launch Artemis 1 in February 2022! Almost sounded simple: Chris, you come up with a basic mission plan since the turn the. On his arm and squeezed 23 ] the turn of the importance of real-time decision-making in mission control was by. Mission planning was 354,200 feet ( 107.96 km ) ( behind See,! That this was an unacceptable risk passed to allow construction of the importance of real-time decision-making in control! During September of 1973 retire after Apollo 7 satellite for the 11 available Fellowship! Later to become top managers, considered Kraft to have been one of problem... ] [ 46 ] however, felt that this was an unacceptable risk,,... 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